INDEX
---A---
A band, 153
A scope, 18
ABK IFF equipment, 153
Absorption of r-f energy by atmosphere, 69
Accuracy
altitude, 96
bearing, 92
range, 87
AFC, 112
AGC, 70
Air-search radar applications, 22
characteristics, 29, 35, 36, 49, 56,60
Alignment
of echo and range marker, 87
of optical and radar axes, 94
Altitude computer, 103
Altitude determination, 96,107
accuracy, 96
effect of trapping, 74
resolution, 103
reliability, 104
Altitude resolution of IFF, 164
Ambiguous height finding, 103
AN/APX-1 IFF equipment, 153
AN/APX-2 IFF equipment, 153
AN/CPN-3 radar beacon, 168
AN/CPN-6 radar beacon, 168
Anomalous propagation, see Trapping
AN system of nomenclature, 4,5
Antenna
beam distortion, 94,163
beam width, 94
coverage, 161
directivity, 67,84
height, effect of on maximum range, 84
installation, 117
maximum range, 84
pattern, 13,67
side lobes, 67, 114,162
system, 7
Anti-jamming, 131,136
Applications of radar, 22-24
Atmospheric noise, 81
Attenuation of r-f energy, 68,79
Aurora Borealis, 81
Automatic Frequency Control, 112
Automatic Gain Control, 70
Automatic tracking, 87
---B---
B scope, 18,145
Beacon, see Radar Beacon
Beacon coding, 167
Beam width, 94
Beam width distortion, 121
Bearing
accuracy, 92,145
of IFF, 162
of jammer, 136
reliability, 96
resolution, 2, 94
Bending of radio waves, 61-65, 71,74
Birds, 69,121
BK IFF equipment, 153
BL IFF equipment, 156
Blind zones
near shore line, 121
nulls, 65,159
on some relative bearings, 115
over land, 123
overhead, 87, 104,119
radar shadows, 123
BM IFF equipment, 156
BN IFF equipment, 156
BO IFF equipment, 156
Burning of VG screen, 148
---C---
Calibration of fade charts, 98
Cancellation of radio waves, 65
Capabilities of radar, 21-60
Cathode-ray oscilloscope, 2
Cathode-ray tubes, 7-12
dark trace, 147
definition on screen, 90
electromagnetic, 9, 11
electron beam, 8
electron gun, 9
electrostatic, 8, 10
fluorescent screen, 9
use in radar, 8
Change No. 50 to SG radar, 79, 85, 88, 90
Characteristics of pips, 24, 111, 127
Characteristics of shipborne radars, 25-60
air search, 29, 35, 36, 49, 56, 60
fire control, 38-45, 54
height-finding and low-angle search, 32, 33, 37
submarine, 56-60
surface search, 30, 31, 34, 50-53, 57-59
Chopped reply on G band, 156
Cloud echoes, 69, 80, 121
Coding
of beacon reply, 167
of IFF reply, 154
Communication by means of radar, 151
Communications interference from IFF, 164
Components of radar system, 7
Conical scanning, 100
Corner reflector, 70
Cosecant-squared beam, 68
Countermeasures, 131
Counting down, 155
Coverage patterns, 116
Coverage of radar
found by interception, 132
roll and pitch of ship, 78
sea return, 79
trapping, 72-76
CRT, see Cathode-ray tube
Cursor on PPI, 93
Curvature of the earth, 99
Cut-out bearings, 92
---D---
Dark-trace tube, 147
Deception, 131, 138
detection of, 140
Decoys, 139
Definition of pattern of indicator, 90
Definitions of radar terms, see Glossary
Deflection presentations, 17-18
--203--
Delay box, 142
Delay
in beacon response, 169
in IFF response, 164
Delayed PPI, 142
Deployment of frequencies, 137
Destructive interference, 65
Destructors, 157
Detection
of aircraft over land, 123,125
of deception, 140
of low-flying planes, 66
Detonators, 157
Development of IFF, 151
Difficulty of producing effective jamming, 135
Diffraction of radio waves, 64, 69,132
Direct interrogation of IFF, 164
Directivity of antennas, 67,84
Distortion
of antenna beam, 94,163
on B scope, 146
on delayed PPI, 144
of echo pulse, 90
in SX off-center PPI, 150
Double bounce calibration, 116
Double-lobe system, 14
Double-trace indicator, 154,164
DRT connection to RPPI, 150
---E---
Early warning by intercept receivers, 132
Echo interpretation, 24, 111, 127, 134, 140,146
Echo strength
effect of propeller rotation on, 101
fluctuation in, 70
non-uniform propagation pathway, 70
size of target, 69
target illumination, 69
trapping, 72-76
Electron beam, 8
Electron gun, 9
Electronic deception, 139
Electronic jamming, 134
Elevation of antenna to detect aircraft over land, .125
Emergency IFF, 154,159
Erasing VG pattern, 147
Errors in IFF operation, 158
Evasion, 131,140
Evasive action
approach in long glide, 105
approach low and climb, 105
cloud cover, 80
dive and retire "on the deck", 105
effect of on altitude determination, 97
effect of trapping on, 75,76
flying down nulls, 65,105
taking advantage of poor altitude resolution, 104
Expanded PPI, 142, 148
Expanded sweep
in jamming, 138
range accuracy, 87
range resolution, 90
---F---
Fade chart, 15, 98
Failure
of communications, 75
of IFF, 158
False contacts, 65, 96, 121
False echoes, 114-121
blind zones, 116
multiple reflections, 115
phantom, 69,121
second trip, 119
side lobes, 67,114
storms, 79
see False contacts
False shore line on PPI, 128
Fast erase position, 147
Fast Time Constant video coupling, See FTC
Fire control radar
applications, 23
characteristics, 38-45,54
First detection range as a means of estimating altitude 97,105
Fixed range errors, 88
Fluctuations of echoes, 70
Flying down nulls, 65
Flying fish, 69,121
Fluorescent screens, 9
Formation of duct, 71
Frequency
hands, 2
deployment of, 136
shifting, 137
that can be trapped, 72
FTC
AJ circuit, 138
cloud echoes, 80
land clutter, 123
sea return, 79,123
Window, 138
---G---
G band, 153
chopped reply, 156
operation, 156
Gap coding, 167
Geographical plot of second trip echoes, 121
Glinting, 69
Glossary of radar terms, 171
Grass, 83
Guided propagation, see Trapping
---H---
Heaviside layers, 61
Height-finding and low-angle search radars
applications, 22
characteristics, 32, 33,37
Holding period, 156
---I---
IAVC
AJ circuit, 138
cloud echoes, 80
land clutter, 123
sea return, 79,123
Window, 138
Ice on antenna, 79
Identification, 151
IFF
A band, 153
applications, 23,24
code on PPI, 159
coding systems, 153
coordination unit, 155,164
coverage, 159,161
echoes, 161
G band, 153
indicators, 154
range, 161
silence, 161
survey, 158
--204--
Index of refraction, 62, 63
Indicator, 7
Information gained through interception, 132
Intermittent operation of radar, 132
Intensity modulated presentations, 18-20
vulnerability to jamming, 134
Interception, 131-133
effect of trapping on, 75
Interference, 14, 131, 136
in IFF, 164, 165
Interpretation of echoes, .24, 111, 127, 134, 140, 146
Interrogator, 152, 154
---J---
J Scope, 18
Jamming, 131, 133-138
AJ measures, 136
bearing accuracy during, 93
electronic, 134
effect on indicators, 133
mechanical, 135
noise jamming, 138
trainers, 137
Window, 135
Jitter pulsing, 133
---L---
Limitations of IFF system
matériel, 164
operational, 157
propagation, 159
resolution, 162
Limitations of radar
enemy countermeasures, 131-140
external factors, 61-81
inherent, 83-109
operational, 111-130
Limitations of radar beacons, 169
Limiting of echo pulses, 90
Line voltage fluctuations, 88
Lobe pattern, 65, 66, 74
Lobe switching, 14, 92
Lobes, 70, 101, 137
Long Persistence screen, 147
Low-angle coverage of IFF, 159
---M---
Manipulation of controls, 111
Mast-reflection echo eliminator, 115
Matériel limitations of IFF, 164
Maximum range
beacons, 170
IFF, 161
radar, 25,83
Measures for limiting interception, 132
Measurement of
altitude, 14
bearing, 13
position angle, 15
range, 12,88
Mechanical jamming, 135
Meteorological factors that cause trapping, 76
Meteorological measurements, 77
Method of operation of radar beacons, 167
Methods of radar deception, 138
Microsecond, 1
Minimum range
of effective jamming, 135
of a radar, 85
Minor lobe echoes, see Side-lobe echoes
Mark II IFF system, 151
Mark III IFF system, 153
Mark IV IFF system, 157
Mark V IFF system, 157
Mark 4 radar, 38,101
Mark 8 radar, 39,40
Mark 12 radar, 41,101
Mark 13 radar, 40
Mark 22 radar, 42, 101,106
Mark 26 radar, 54
Mark 28 radar, 43
Mark 29 radar, 44
Mark 34 radar, 45
Moisture lapse, 71
Monsoonal climate, 76,78
"Moving" land contact, 127
Moving spot scope, 18,95
Multiple IFF responses, 159
Multiple reflection echoes, 115
---N---
Navigational micro-film projector, 127
Noise modulated jamming, 135
Nomogram correlating antenna height and target altitude with maximum range, 62
Non-standard propagation, 71-78
Null altitude calculator, 98
Nulls, 65
in IFF, 159
in VHF communications, 66
---O---
Observing fades on PPI, 105
Off-center PPI, 148
Omnidirectional antennas, 154, 156,161
Operation of
IFF system, 153
radar beacon, 167
transpondor, 152
VF repeater PPI, 146
VG repeater PPI, 147
Operational limitations
of IFF, 157
on radar, 111-130
Operator training, 132
Optical bearings, 96
Optical system in VG RPPI, 148
---P---
Passive deceptive reflectors, 139
Peak power, 2
Performance
of Mark III IFF, 158
of radar
effect of ice on antenna on, 79
effect of trapping on, 75
reports, 109
Phantom contacts, 121
Phase relationship of sine waves, 65
Portable radar beacons, 170
Power supply, 7
PPI scope, 20
Precision repeater PPI, 23, 88,144
Precision sweep, 87
Prediction of non-standard propagation, 76
Preventive maintenance, 107
Principles of an IFF system, 153
Projection repeater PPI, 23,147
Propagation of r-f energy, 61-70,159
Propeller rotation, 101
PRR, 1
--205--
Pulse
definition of, 1
distortion of, 90
division, 155
duration, 1
cloud echoes, 80
maximum range, 83
minimum range, 85
range resolution, 88
---R---
R scope, 18
Radar
horizon, 63
installations on ships
large ships, 27,28
small ships and auxiliaries, 46-48
submarines, 55
nomenclature, 3
operator
skill and experience, 108
training, 112
range vs. antenna height, 61, 62
shadows, 123
silence, 132
system, components of, 7
terms, 1, 2, 171
Radar beacons--racons, 167-170
applications, 24
capabilities and limitations, 169
coding systems, 167
method of operation, 167
racon list, 167
range performance, 169
Radar Planning Device, 129
Radar recognition systems--IFF, 151-165
Radio-frequency pulse, 1
Radio homing beacons, 168
Range
accuracy, 87
coding, 168
estimation, 88
maximum, 83
measurement, 12
minimum, 85
reliability, 92
resolution, 2
--of IFF, 164
--of radar, 88
ring, 141
scales, 141
Ranging on land, 125
Receiver, 7
distortion, 90
gain, effect on
apparent beam width, 94
range resolution, 90
side lobe echoes, 114
noise, 83, 111
recovery time, 85
sensitivity, 84
Recognition, 151
Reflection of radiated energy from flight deck, 99
Reflection of radio waves from sea, 65-67
attenuation, 68
cancellation of radio waves, 65
destructive interference, 65
extension of range, 66
position angle measurement, 100
reliability of radar altitude, 104
Refraction of radio waves, 61-64
Reliability
radar altitudes, 104
radar bearings, 95
radar equipment, 108
radar ranges, 92
Repeater plan position indicators, 23, 141-150
Repetition rate, 84
revealing second trip echoes, 119
VG repeater PPI, 148
VK repeater PPI, 150
Resolution, 2
altitude, 103
bearing, 95
expanded PPI, 142
of IFF, 162
range, 88
VG repeater PPI, 147
VK repeater PPI, 149
Responsor, 153, 154
RHI, 102
Round trip echoes, 116
RPD, 129
---S---
SA radar, 49
SC radar, 29
Scharnhorst and Gneisenau, 136
SD radar, 56
Sea return, 78
Second trip echoes, 119
Self-triggering of IFF, 164
Sense of direction, 100
Sensitivity
of IFF transpondor, 164
of radar receiver, 84
Sensitivity-time control, see STC
SF radar, 50
SG radar, 30
change No. 50, 79, 85, 88, 90
SG-3 radar, 31, 80
Shifting frequency, 137
Ship's heading marker--SHM, 112
Side lobes, 67
false echoes, 114
in IFF, 162
minimum range, 85
Single-lobe system, 13, 92
Size
of indicator screen, 90
of target, 69, 84
bearing accuracy, 94
SJ radar, 57
Skill and experience of radar operator, 111
Skewed lobe, 94
SL radar, 51
SM radar, 32, 66, 92, 103, 106
SO radar, 52
Spotting shell splashes, 129
SP radar, 33, 66, 92, 103, 106
Speed of target, 92
SQ radar, 34
Squitter, 164
SR radar, 35
SR-2 radar, 36
SR-3 radar, 92
SS radar, 58
ST radar, 59
Stabilized antennas, 78
Standard atmosphere, see Glossary
Standard RPPI, 23, 141
Station keeping, 88
--206--
STC
dual use of set, 112
minimum range, 85
sea return, 79
side lobes, 67
St. Elmo's fire, 81
Storms, 79
SU radar, 53
Submarine radar
applications, 22, 23
characteristics, 56-60
Substandard propagation, 75
Super-refraction, see Trapping
Superimposed fade charts, 107
Suppression of IFF, 165
Surface-search radar
applications, 22
characteristics, 30, 31, 34, 50-53, 57-59
SV radar, 60, 92
Sweep length, effect of PRR on, 84
SX radar, 37, 66, 92, 102, 106, 148
System performance, 111
---T---
Tangent bearings, 128
Target angle, 91
Temperature inversion, 71
Theory of radar, 7-20
Timesharing, 153, 156
Timer, 7
Trade winds, 76, 78
Training
of maintenance personnel, 107
of radar operators, 112, 136
Transmitter, 7
Transmission line loss, 84
Transpondor, 152, 153
operational check, 165
tuning change, 164
Trapping, 71-78
altitude determination, 99
apparent performance of equipment during, 75
conditions for existence of, 71, 76
fade chart, 74
fading of echoes during, 75
failure of communications, 75
frequencies than can be trapped, 72
prediction of, 76
radar coverage, 71-75
seasonal variation, 77
Trigger delay, 88
Triggering of IFF by enemy radar, 161
Tuning radar to beacons, 169
Type of target, 69. 85, 125
Types of indicators, 17-20, 141-150
interpretation of echoes, 25
vulnerability to jamming, 134
Types of jamming, 134
Types of radar beacons, 168
Types of scan, 17-20
---U---
Universal IFF system, 152
Use of radar in piloting, 127
Uses of radar beacons, 167
---V---
Variation in echo strength, 69
VC repeater PPI, 141
Vertical antenna pattern, 14
VF repeater PPI, 88, 144
VG repeater PPI, 134, 147
VH repeater PPI, 142
Video, 2
Virtual PPI reflectoscope, 127
VK repeater PPI, 148
Voltage fluctuation, 108
VPR, 127
---W---
Wavelength, 2
that can be trapped, 72
Weather, 78-81
Weather conditions that indicate trapping, 77
Window, 135, 138
---Y---
YJ radar beacon, 168
---Z---
Zero set, 88
--207--
Table of Contents
Transcribed and formatted by Larry Jewell & Patrick Clancey, HyperWar Foundation